minorities influence majority opinion primarily through

Prospect theory: an analysis of decisions under risk. This discrepancy suggests that in the sphere of minority influence, as in many other spheres, interacting, mutually interdependent individuals react differently than solitary individuals processing social information. Despite his susceptibility to eugenics and racial theories of supremacy, Roosevelt also offers us a way forward. Nemeth, C. J. In Roosevelts understanding, Americans were born through no document; they were made by their encounters with the wilderness and their cultivation of strength, individualism and democratic community their commitment to a set of principles. Moscovici found that the minority view expressed by the confederates influenced the participants opinions, particularly when the minority was consistent in its opinion (Moscovici et al, 1969). Minoritys success at effecting social change and ipso facto, majoritys failure to prevent it, should influence not only their reactions toward the group but also their capacity to further argue their positions. Their simultaneous activation in simulated interactions ultimately yields a system settled into a pattern of overall convergence in social attitudes but importantly, with some clustering of factions holding minority positions (Latan and Nowak, 1997). Rev. eds. How can the colors around us affect our mood? These hypotheses were tested in a program of research whose multiple studies employed the following procedure: Each study included an experimental creation of opinion-based minority and majority factions within a group. It was this insight into the role of minorities that made Moscovici a luminary in social psychology. Mugny, G., and Prez, J. Psychol. 95, 189225. change. David, B., and Turner, J. C. (2001). Thus, immediately in the aftermath of social change whereby minorities become majorities and vice versa (minority majority), the former should react only mildly positively, and the latter should react intensely negatively, toward the group in which they switched positions. 5 Articles, This article is part of the Research Topic, Minorities Effect Social Change Over Time, Winning a Competition in Influence Exerted for Various Reasons, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.911654, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY), Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States. Soc. Cultural drift, indirect minority influence, network structure, and their impacts on cultural change and diversity. J. Pers. Psychol. There is no future in which white people disappear from America, but there is also no future in which the understanding of whiteness stays the same. doi: 10.1177/1368430210395636. Contact Us (2011). (1997). Groups as the minds natural environment, in Evolutionary Social Psychology. Psychol. These patterns of socially regulated persuasiveness were documented by coding video-taped sources verbal advocacy (Study 1) and by coding their written advocacy as well as an independent audiences reactions to their written advocacy (Study 2). The dynamic nature of this process is additionally evident in its competitive nature as minorities and majorities contest each other while advancing their own position. 115, 323345. Psychol. Give three examples of how the media can shape our conception of social reality? New York: Psychology Press. There is likely no better contemporary example of the power of minorities to instigate social change than a growing recognition of the urgent need for the humankind to address the cause and impacts of climate change. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, Bolderdijk, J. W., and Jans, L. (2021). Psychol. The innovative theorizing about active minorities and their effect on the world revitalized research on social influence. ed. Future Americans will identify with new communities. Social influence is the perpetual competition that shapes social relations by targeting social attitudes. Does brainwashing really exist and how has it been used? Psychol. P. A. van Lange, E. T. Higgins, and A. W. Kruglanski (New York: Guilford Press), 181201. Group Process. Crano, W. D. (2010). Others followed suit, accumulating findings that cast doubt on the conversion theory postulate about the unique nature of minority (vs. majority) influence processes (for a meta-analytical synthesis, see Wood et al., 1994; see also Erb and Bohner, 2001; Martin and Hewstone, 2008). Levine, J. M., and Prislin, R. (2013). For him, the new ethnicities admitted into the United States were not entitled to their American identity; it was to be earned. L. Berkowitz (New York: Academic Press), 209239. Soc. Pers. Terrorism as a tactic of minority influence, in Coping With Minority Status: Responses to Exclusion and Inclusion. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1437, David, B., and Turner, J. C. (1996). Latan, B., and Nowak, A. This shows that a consistent minority is 6.95% more effective than an inconsistent minority and that consistency is an important factor in minority influence. Note: It is important to note that consistency and commitment are linked. If a minority is consistent in their view then they also are showing commitment to their cause. As a result, the group should be weakened in the immediate aftermath of social change. WebThe study of minority influence has advanced considerably since the late 1960s when Moscovici's pioneering efforts brought the minority's role in the process of persuasion How is that private change communicated over time? Brewer and M. Hewstone (Oxford, UK: Blackwell), 136164. Soc. Moscovici, S. (1994). Psychol. Itslike in the Milgramstudies in which people were less (eds.) Midterm 3 study guide Flashcards | Chegg.com Systematic and nonsystematic processing of majority and minority persuasive communication. Changing majority and minority positions within a group vs. an aggregate. 86, 11911201. Consensual Action by Small Groups. Social influence in groups, in Group Processes. In contrast, studies of interacting groups tasked with reaching a consensual decision have frequently demonstrated publicly stated, direct changes in opinions toward focal issues of minority advocacy (Paicheler and Flath, 1988; Smith et al., 1996). Variables which affect the efficacy of minority influence include: Moscovici found that members of a group are more likely to accept the opinion of a minority if the view is expressed with consistency. Soc. Personal. It has been addressed by restricting a number of factors that presumably shape the dynamics of social influence and employing mathematical simulations to test proposed models. eds. 14, 755766. Specifically, a minority faction was created by having most confederates oppose the participants stance on one or more socially important issues; conversely, a majority faction was created by having most confederates support the participants stances. The motives of a minority, as perceived by other individuals, can also affect the influence it is able to exert on the majority. An earlier analysis of this index has identified 238 unique empirical studies on minority influence published between 1960, when the foundational research on minority influence first appeared, and December 2011 (see Prislin et al., 2017). This form of influence has been used effectively by civil rights movements throughout the 20th Century to shape public opinion. Influence of a consistent minority on the responses of a majority in a color perception task. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. 117, 497529. Shared reality: Motivated connection and motivated cognition, in Social Psychology: Handbook of Basic Principles. A social norm that reflects how things are typically done is considered ________, whereas a social norm that reflects what behaviors are approved is considered ________. The conflict elaboration theory of social influence, in Understanding Group Behavior: Small Group Processes and Interpersonal Relations. Psychol. When a minority opinion is introduced, people are more Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Rather, it has focused dominantly on the cognitive processes and attitudinal change in response to a minority advocacy or minority mere presence, and, to a lesser degree, to the role of minority influence in decision-making and task groups. Psychol. But whilst peer pressure leads to public compliance (e.g. A history of social influence research, in The Handbook of the History of Social Psychology. In the beginning, there was a minority. Instead of identifying with the minority group, individuals will dissociate the minority views from the people who promoted them. Such support transforms what initially is typically construed as a minoritys subjective proposition into an objectively correct position synonymous with reality (Hardin and Higgins, 1996; Echterhoff and Higgins, 2017). In an experiment in which participants were asked to debate issues such as abortion, they found a negative correlation between the number of members holding a majority view and the sway held by minority views. doi: 10.1037/a0016169, Prislin, R., Limbert, W. M., and Bauer, E. (2000). They exist in research on minority influence, too. Social influence can occur when a minority (small group) changes the attitudes, beliefs and behaviours of a majority; this is known as minority influence. These minorities, often primarily motivated to broaden their social acceptance, are likely to seek social change advocating for tolerance. The field took notice. The latter strategies are especially likely in the cases of mutual interdependence between majorities and minorities. Social Psychology 4th Edition By Tom Gilovich - Test Bank Social influence model: A formal integration of research on majority and minority influence processes. Rev. Tindale, R. S., Talbot, M., and Martinez, R. (2013). And even if the Census Bureaus categories reinforce the racial boundaries that too often divide American society, these categories are also starting to show signs of their mutability. Eur. One of the reasons that minority influence takes hold is because it goes beyond superficial thinking. Latan, B. So a 51 percent pan-minority share is unlikely to yield any new majority status without a new pan-ethnic sense of community. They have been conducted within the framework of the gain-loss asymmetry model of change in minority and majority positions (Prislin and Christensen, 2005a). The status quo in these arenas is first broken by the rebellious few. ETNOPOLTKA ARATIRMALARI DERGS - Academia.edu Leffet de cryptomnsie sociale [The social cryptomnesia effect]. Psychol. 6. ed. Whereas such conversion is the condition sine qua non for a minority to become a majority, it also signals unreliability and ultimately, instability of the majority position. ________ is the first step in the foot-in-the-door Sindhi Muslims had a much larger majority of about seventy-4 percent. Why do people to conform in groups? Rigidity and minority influence: The influence of the social in social influences, in Perspectives on Minority Influence. D. Albarracn, B. T. Johnson, and M. P. Zanna (Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum), 671706. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.388. As for the measures of the minority impact, the two frameworks paint a somewhat different picture: The Information processing (persuasion) framework suggests that the impact is most evident on private responses to indirect measures of attitudes toward issues tangentially related to the object of a minority advocacy (Wood et al., 1994; but see Glaser et al., 2015). It is possible that we are now in the process of similarly altering our conception of whiteness again. Members begin to question the validity of their existing views, and whether the minority view is in fact a more informed opinion than that held by the majority. Prislin, R., and Christensen, P. N. (2009). Soc. J. Change via conversion tends to weaken a group, at least immediately in its aftermath, as evident in former majoritys (majority minority) dramatic decrease in group attachment and loyalty but former minoritys (minority majority) only mild increase in attachment and loyalty to the group. Differential contributions of majority and minority influence. (1986). Lest we succumb to the same trap, it is worth remembering that every social change, including those that turned disastrous for the world (e.g., Nazi movement), was originated by a minority. According to reactance theory. Tight cultures differ from loose cultures in that they. This private conversion may cautiously be communicated to others, thus, gradually becoming public. A final observation regarding minority influence is that, after being successfully persuaded by a minority, people tend to forget the origins of their new views. eds. They may even besuspicious of a new manager who suggests that they update their manufacturing methods. Gordijn et al (2002) found that a minority was less influential when the number of members expressing an opinion remained constant or decreased, compared to when members perceived the minority to be increasing in numbers. eds. Minorities influence majority opinion primarily through. Social influence, conformity bias, and the study of active minorities, in Advances in Experimental social Psychology. Glaser, T., Dickel, N., Liersch, B., Rees, J., Sssenbach, P., and Bohner, G. (2015). This state of affairs is rather paradoxical given Moscovicis original theorizing and ultimately, most minorities goals. An individual who associates the group with hippies and protests may find it difficult to identify with the group at the time, but over many years, the groups views become mainstream and the person becomes more environmentally conscientious. Prislin, R., and Wood, W. (2005). According to the ________ technique, one approach could be to first ask people if they would be willing to wear a button that says, "Adopt a dog today," and then a couple of weeks later ask them if they would be willing to adopt a dog themselves. For example, in their analysis of minority influence in political decision-making groups, Levine and Kaarbo (2001) argued that influence strategies employed by political minorities may go beyond informational influence to include the reinforcement (i.e., reward, punishment) and procedural strategies (see also Smith and Diven, 2002). Such broader acceptance presumably has survival value (Caporael and Baron, 1997). doi: 10.1037/h0046408. A theoretical framework for understanding character judgments of vegan advocates. In doing so, minorities make themselves visibly non-normative, hence, creating a social conflict. Majority and minority influence: A single process, in Group Consensus and Minority Influence: Implications for Innovation. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.53.1.41. ________ is the first step in the foot-in-the-door technique. eds. Because of the vital role social support plays in sustaining any argued position (Prislin and Wood, 2005), gaining social support by virtue of social change (minority majority) should increase a successful minoritys capacity to continue to advocate their position. Yet, no amount of normative or pragmatic pressure can extinguish minorities. Minority sources persuasibility increased over time when their targets increasingly favorable reactions turned them into a majority (minority majority). Strength from weakness: The fate of opinion minorities in spatially distributed groups, in Understanding Group Behavior. What the Majority Minority Shift Really Means for America, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/24/opinion/us-census-majority-minority.html, Joseph Prezioso/Agence France-Presse Getty Images. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8309.1996.tb01091.x. *Correspondence: Radmila Prislin, rprislin@sdsu.edu, New Advances in Social Influence: Theoretical Insights and Methodological Challenges, View all J. M. Levine (New York: Psychology Press), 165192. eds. Exam 3 - extra credit.docx - Extra credit redemption from Wood, W., Lundgren, S., Ouellette, J. Maass et al (1982) found that, when a minority is seen as acting in its own self-interests or an individuals attempts at persuasion are perceived as being motivated by personal gain, other members are more likely to dismiss their opinions. Rev. This might, over time, lead the employees to reconsider their reluctance to change, leading to the majority overcoming a groupthink mentality and gradually changing its opinion. Rev. From marginal to mainstream and vice versa: Leaders valuation of diversity while in the minority versus majority. A., Busceme, S., and Blackstone, T. (1994). Home Nemeth, C. J. Rev. R. Martin and M. Hewstone (New York: Psychology Press), 229262. Minority influence: From groups to attitudes and back again, in Minority Influence and Innovation: Antecedents, Processes and Consequences. Psychol. What kind of social influence can. J. Pers. Social influence in groups, in APA Handbook of Personality and Social Psychology. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.115.3.323, Wood, W., Pool, G. J., Leck, K., and Purvis, D. (1996). Discover your Freudian personality type with our Fixation Test. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.71.6.1181, Keywords: minority influence, social change, social influence, majority influence, group dynamics, Citation: Prislin R (2022) Minority Influence: An Agenda for Study of Social Change. Levine, J. M., and Tindale, R. S. (2015). So, it was not so equally balanced as it was again in Punjab and Bengal. Is there a purpose behind our dreams and nightmares? (1989). Charlan Nemeth, a professor at the University of California, Berkeley, argues a further difference between minority and majority influence. These circumstances cannot be easily organized in a unifying model within either the information processing (persuasion) framework (but see Martin and Hewstone, 2008) or the interacting group framework, much less under an omnibus framework. This dynamic aspect of social influence was recognized in the early theorizing of Moscovici (1976), as well as in the subsequent consideration of minority influence in the intergroup context by Mugny (1982) that includes the power agent (typically normative majority) and the population (typically the target of both minority and majority influence). The latter is simply too costly for a frequent-publication dictum (see Levine and Kaarbo, 2001). J. Exp. The resultant increase, however mild, in positive reactions among minorities and continuing positive reactions among majorities should render the group changed via tolerance stronger than its counterpart changed via conversion (Hypothesis 3, see Agenda item 3). More recently, social change has been examined as a function of two factors: Indirect minority influence, defined as attitudinal change on culturally relevant issues different from but related to the focal issue of minority advocacy, and cultural drift, defined as mistakes in copying culturally relevant attributes due to small errors in the learning and memory processes. Self-organizing social systems: necessary and sufficient conditions for the emergence of consolidation, clustering, and continuing diversity, in Progress in Communication Science: Persuasion. doi: 10.2307/20159311, Butera, F., Batruch, A., Autin, F., Mugny, G., Quiamzade, A., and Pulfrey, C. (2021). At what point in time do their efforts begin to effect the presumed private change? And there is precious little evidence of real solidarity among Americas diverse minority ethnic groups. Morally admirable or moralistically deplorable? Elites efforts at influence are likely to be directed toward preserving, not changing, the status quo. Worse, we now talk about cross-racial fertility rates Darwinistically, as if the census were monitoring a population of elephant seals in competition for a rookery. Leading figures within the movement, such as Emmeline Pankhurst, founded the Womens Social and Political Union (WSPU) to change the majority-held views onthe role of women in society. How the life changes caused by experiencing major events can affect stress levels. In contrast, losing social support by virtue of social change (majority minority) should adversely affect a failed majoritys capacity to further advocate their position. The longer the new majority spent secure in its new position, the more similar they perceived themselves to the group and the more attractive they found the group. doi: 10.1111/josi.12259, Prislin, R., and Filson, J. 40. ed. Studies done in this tradition have generated valuable insights into the nature and outcomes of minority influence, specifying conditions under which a minority exerts influence and the processing underlying such influence. 51, 629636. Hewstone, M., and Martin, R. (2010). It encompasses attitudinal reactions (e.g., growing concerns about climate change), behavioral reactions (e.g., growing use of a clean energy), political impact (e.g., Green parties, which exist in most democratic systems, have entered into several coalition governments, taking premierships in some), and structural changes (e.g., laws mandating elimination of climate-damaging emission by a certain date have been passed in several countries).1. Vol. These findings document how social constructions of influence attempts and group memberships evolve over time, as do reactions to subsequent changes. Revels in Groups: Dissent, Deviance, Difference, and Defiance. Understanding their motivations is in the core of psychological approaches to social action, with different models emphasizing a variety of motives that reflect groups moral, fairness, and identity standards. Soc. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. Older generations may still be focused on century-old divisions, but younger Americans are starting to blur them. 35, 137149. The resulting backlash created a wave of support for the xenophobic Know Nothing movement and its nativist American Party. Minority Influence on Focal and Related Attitudes: Change in Size, Attributions, and Information Processing. Newcomers as change agents: Minority influence in task groups, in Minority Influence and Innovation: Antecedents, Processes and Consequences. Minority Influence - Consistency and Commitment - tutor2u (2002). 1. Prislin, R. (2010). The challenge may be great but not insurmountable. 16, 4373. The social impact of majorities and minorities. He is the author of The New Minority: White Working Class Politics in an Age of Immigration and Inequality and the forthcoming book Majority Minority.. Minority influence theory, in Handbook of Theories in Social Psychology. This can lead to the majority taking the minority view seriously. The majority will therefore be more likely to question their own views. In order to change the majorities view the minority has to propose a clear position and has to defend and advocate its position consistently. De Dreu, C. K. W., and West, M. A. Three concepts: minority, conflict, and behavioral style, in Minority Influence. As a counterbalance to research on the informational value of minority advocacy, several lines of research have emphasized the role of social identity and the resultant normative pressures in determining reactions to minority influence, which reactions expand beyond attitudinal shifts to include group-categorization (e.g., Abrams and Hogg, 1990; David and Turner, 2001) and self-categorization (e.g., Wood et al., 1996). To orient research toward social change, a research agenda is presented, along with a few illustrative studies. An important feature of this procedure is that participants actively experienced their social position within the interacting group. Social influence, social identity, and ingroup leniency, in Group Consensus and Minority Influence: Implications for Innovation. None of the proposed models, however, has been tested empirically outside of computational simulations. As we are currently re-evaluating our standards of conduct in light of repeated replication failures, which some label a crisis, it may be an opportune time to re-evaluate the practice of taking publication productivity as a proxy for scientific contribution. R. Martin and M. Hewstone (New York: Psychology Press), 285312. Anyone can read what you share. Adding to these theoretical and analytical reasons are powerful pragmatic reasons: ever increasing demands on publishing productivity, which is often used as a proxy for scientific contribution, are easier to satisfy with a minimalist approach to minority influence where social conditions and social responses are reduced to information to be processed or generated, with an individual, rather than a group, as a unit of analysis. 53, 4152. M. Mikulincer and P. R. Shafer, (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association), 507533. She suggests that the result of minority influence, when compared to majority influence, is that the former nurtures divergent thinking, whereas compliance with the demands of the majority reduces differences in opinion amongst a groups members (Nemeth, 1986). (1990). (1955). (1998). His subsequent conversion theory (Moscovici, 1980) focused exclusively on cognitive processes underlying minority vs. majority influence and the resultant nature of attitudinal (not social!) Since majorities are often unconcerned about what minorities think about them, minority influence is thus rarely based on normative social influence.
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