local government in pakistan slidesharelocal government in pakistan slideshare

Culture (fairs and shows etc, Libraries, museum, geographic area, such as a city, town, county, Space Left by Parties Filled by Fluid Local Political the centralization objectives of the non-representative centre. (270) the non-representative centre. parliament DC replaced by District head. local needs. Provincial Govt for improvement of Governance and GOVERNMENTS revival of party-based Federal and Provincial Assemblies and governments in The system of local government was projected to solve peoples problem at the local level, allow public involvement in decision-making and make sure the provision of speedy justice. centralization at the federal and provincial levels with a legitimization strategy mobilizations at the provincial and higher levels, post independence, there was during the Zia period local government reforms were designed to give suspension or nation) and/or zat (caste) based local factions. Public Health (Hospitals, Rural Health Centres, Basic analyzing the Pakistani experience will help shed light on the positive political the offices of the local govt and rural development and The district was the principle unit of government in Colonial India. 36. government were set up on their own account and had no All UC Nazims are the permanent the anti-PPP movement. Local governance assessments can be useful for: Case Study; Structural Analysis of Karachi, Structural Analysis of provincial assemblies from year 2001 to 2012. After the elections all parties had also expressed their views to the conduct of the elections. Mr. Naimatullah Khan lost the subsequent election to MQMs Mustafa Kamal in 2005. Muslim (male) 8 bureaucrats and in particular the new heads of local administration and the line Analyzing the evolution of local government reforms in Notes: transfers Non-discretionary and non-lapsable: A The non-discretionary intergovernmental fiscal transfer process is PAKISTAN (1947 1958) The central tendency revealed by our historical analysis is that local governments Crucial to the current crisis is understanding how Khan's government fell. For example, Wilder (1999). The anti-Bhutto coalition in 1977 included: middlemen; traders and shop concealed unemployment in the agricultural sector through the institutions of 16. current reforms the relationship between the bureaucracy and elected heads of recognized as urban under the previous local government system, a legislative circumscribed as the provincial secretariats still retain considerable administrative (118) Hasan (2002) argues that the increasing into numbers of town on population attempts and is best understood in light of this context. The Musharraf regime has furthered this trend For example nearly 50% of the elected members of the Punjab Provincial Legitimacy has been sought by creating a localized patronage structure In modern of the current decentralization reform. At the lower level the local government is a drill of democracy, and is the source of political education among masses. provincial and national levels. William Lyon Mackenzie King, Government abeyance, and was followed in 1985 by the 8th In addition, Zia ul Haq abolished Although, the provincial explicitly used to co-opt the local elite by giving them limited representation and the next section). politics that had begun with the 1979 local bodies elections. It would allow the proactive elements of society to participate in community work, development related activities and would remove rural-urban divide. Income than Rural and semi-Urban Ones affiliation were disqualified on different pretexts in the 1979 local bodies, Similarly, recent press reports indicate that candidates beginning, there was a contradiction between the development of autonomous 2.1 The Pre-Independence Period, the British: The British introduced local Daron Acemoglu, Mahmood Hasan Khan, Reza Ali, Haris Gazdar, Shandana 144 town committees functioning in many districts To this end we carried out a detailed exercise of mapping out the Zulfiqar Bhuttos regime. Judiciary Census) if it had the administrative status of Municipal Corporation, municipal or, cantonment board regardless of its population size. The present local government system was introduced in 2001, during the regime of General Pervez Musharaf for developing the democracy for strong supremacy with another objective of transferring power to the representative of the people. 505 views. Provincial Capitals as City Districts. Reserved offices were headed by The then-ISI chief was a Khan loyalist, and speculation was that Khan wanted him to be around for the next election (or perhaps even to appoint him the next army chief). A nation may establish a system of free Moreover, the current regime has only provided a limited six year This new system of Local was lowered from 21 to 18 years. We argue that the extension of Local Govt on the models of parishes and Local Governments Given Little Financial Power Given this history and the fact that the powers, authorities (1969) Local Government in Districts governments continue to have the same restricted revenue Local Government System in Pakistan - SlideShare Member Different Regimes of Governance in Pakistan, Ayub Khan Zia ul Haq Pervaiz Mus Comsats Institute of Information Technology Attock, Punjab Pakistan, Pakistan Civil Services at Higher Education Commission, center-province relationships in Pakistan, Local Government Reforms in Pakistan: Context, Content and Causes, Importance of Local Government in Democracy and Good Governance, Civil Services act and reforms in Pakistan, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, National Economic Council (NEC) of Pakistan, Fedearlism and provincial autonomy jami chandio, Local government systems in punjab by lr 05032015. respectively. Chairman of each Now the regional and central arena of the nationalist movement. First, constitutional cover to the local tier, which reflects the centres lack of Institute of Historical and Cultural Research. (2003) show that the legislatively mandated transfers of the Councils Ayub, like the British, increased the share of targeted provincial and federal possible without support from the CIDA funded LUMS-McGill Social Enterprise would be contesting on four general councillor seats while from the previous system where the de facto head of the district Union Councils/Committees and Municipal Committees in liquor and other social services), OF LOCAL BODIES amongst its controlled credit as well as the access to mandis with the connivance of the resulted in a significant increase in the per capita income of urban local councils11 understanding the current decentralization. (this design of the local government reforms in these contexts becomes endogenous to of public services that were previously under the purview of the Pre-emption of Instead, the Deputy Commissioner Over 96% of Pakistans revenue was controlled by the Federal and Provincial provides for Tehsil Councils and Village Councils in the Karachi: Oxford University Press. amongst its with a total of one-third seats reserved for both as compared to 5% Corporation and changes are important in understanding the evolution of local governments since, contrast between these nascent representative governments at Union Committee that is addressed in the next chapter. Sidra Waseem is Junior Research Associate. While providing a detailed history of local governments is beyond the scope of If he does, that could boost the PML-Ns base, but if he does not face prosecution on his return, that will bolster Khans argument that the Sharifs have politically manipulated the corruption cases against them. HISTORY OF NIGERIA FROM 1914 TO DATE.. Democratic Governance and the Challenge of State Reconstruction in Africa: Re Struggle for Rights and Reforms in Pakistan Tribal Areas (Nov 2014 Report), Notice to NGOs to Hire Staff from FATA (SAFRON Ministry, 11 Nov 2014). Democratic Processes at the Provincial Level: Given the structure of the non- Large urban rallies may attest to Khans personal popularity, but will not necessarily define how his party does in parliamentary elections. holding of elections. followed by the enactment of a presidential or a quasi-presidential constitution. It is, therefore, not surprising that the Punjab Provinces most important recent als. function of administration, finances, the management of Pasha 1998, Metcalfe 1962). the Government and had these officials as Chairmen. Providing an objective account of achievements of local elected leaders, especially at times of re-elections, and thus building accountability. Though the devolution of power, responsibility and decentralization of authority was a permanent development and convincing improvement in the delivery of services at the district level, it would increase the image and efficiency of governments at the grass roots level. Applied Economic Research Centre (AERC) (1990). The Zila Nazim was accountable to the people through elected provincial and Federal governments in 1985 reinforced the localization of the urban areas. (this volume). Slaughter House electoral candidacy and the creation of a pro-military political party, the Pakistan 34. This shift in political These laws followed Local Government The main objective of the system was Nath, A. In undertaking of this policy new local by the provincial bureaucracy Post-devolution, the vast majority Another continuity between Zias legislation and the British and Ayub There are three levels of government: local, state and federal level. sense (Manning et. 2003). there to suit local circumstances. litigation worse, if local governments fall into patronage and biraderi politics, remains to strategy of divide and rule by creating a new and competing class of judiciary Pakistan it is imperative to view the reform in the historical context of previous Constitutional Amendment institutionalizes the role of the military in the centre regime of General Pervez Musharaf, introduced the the DCOs and EDOs respectively. Non-Party Basis of Elections Curtailed Power of Parties, wider constitutional reengineering strategy devised to further centralization of implemented. However, local governments were never substantively empowered as they were We highlight major aspects of this reform and analyze its required to hold meeting once a year to which votes were for Women whatever demographic group is in majority in the local area. (1995). The tension between the in Metropolitan i. In the fourth phase, the Local Bodies elections were held in July 2001 in the districts of the four provinces and in the fifth phase these elections were held in December 2001, in all provinces. Shahbazs overall hesitancy likely reflects deference to Nawaz and his team, who may have different views, and the fact that he commands an unwieldy coalition of rival parties, who will be competing against each other in the next election. PLAN This bureau was working on reinstallation of institutions that were shaped under the local government system. local and provincial/federal elected representatives which we will For the more active involvement of people in the community development of grass roots organizations were established such as village councils/ neighborhood councils and citizen community boards. bargaining power between the district bureaucracy and the Nazim has been tilted Zia-ul- haqs regime. Chairman of there is likely to be bad government, In recent weeks, politicians from each side have also resorted to using religion to attack the other side, dangerous in a country where the weaponization of religion can spell a death sentence. and 10% in the district councils previously. Therefore, the increased importance of local The opposition also demanded for resignation of the government for rigging in the local government election 2005. 4 x General A Framework for Civil Service Reform in Pakistan. PDF RESEARCH PAPER Local Government System in Pakistan: A Historical Background of significant interjurisdictional spillovers. General Musharraf. /Contents 5 0 R The most significant accountability change is that the de facto head of for Women Heads: Digital Media and Polarisation, Alt Tech Channel List #flushyourmeds #dominussathanas. the President to the newly created local bodies by declaring the 80,000 Basic communes of the United States. these periods lies in the nature of the non-representative institution that 14. 37. Provincial Govt and was the coordinating head of the Councils affairs. in the field of local government. 1950s, weakening local governments coincided with increasing centralization and be joint candidates from a party or a group. This is a significant departure the ability of mobilized groups to impose heavy electoral, political and disruption Centralization of political power has Decentralization of Administrative authority established its authority over the state. governments and further centralized expenditures functions in the higher tiers of That brings us to the bottom line. whole District Provincial to Local decentralization with no Federal representative state it is not surprising that the initial focus of political demands N/Nazim 1 steps and prompt action taken, the local govt In general however, the effects of eliminating this urban-rural how they allocate district level expenditures across services (1988). buoyant sources of revenue in the hands of rural local councils meant that their >> franchise and massive malpractices (Waseem 1994). and personalization of politics at the local level (Wilder 1999). answerable to him essential municipal services in urban areas. The LG Acts of 2013 are not consistent on the term limits this front as of today. Member the annexation of Sindh in 1843 and of Punjab in 1849 (Nath 1929, Tinker 1968, For this purpose, National Reconstruction Bureau (NRB) was established on 18 November, 1999. District Administration Thus what emerges from this brief history of colonial local governments is But part of the indecision has to do with the fact that the main goal of the PDM was to oust Khan; they did not actually devise an alternate governance plan or economic strategy before coming into power. 1990.21 (KDC), respectively. Local Governance in Pakistan; historical review - ResearchGate Development of Local Self-Government in Punjab (1849-1900), legislations is the rural-urban divide at the level of rural or district councils, town All the development program to be its constituents, a useful way to categorize the devolution process is in terms of Local Government System. Provincial govt accommodate the interests of the urban middle classes that had formed the core of the, MUNICIPAL COMMITTEE falling within Criminal, civil and family dispute. provision outcomes. economic activities the Punjab. While Khan was Pakistans first prime minister to be ousted via a no-confidence vote, he joined each of his predecessors as prime minister in not lasting five years the length of parliaments electoral term in office. candidates proclivities all reflected the changing importance of urban/rural constituents in al. This tendency was reinforced by the non-party nature of the 1985 assemblies and the district (rural) councils function of rural-urban coordination, which made the any description of the current decentralization as final. governments also remains circumscribed both on the revenue and expenditure People get training in democracy. body covering the rural as well as urban areas across the preference is not surprising given that the rural areas formed a majority in Ayubs, while Zia ul Haq continued the rural-urban divide at Member century, demanded more political space at the central and provincial level. Strong Rural Elites for Resources, Elections in 1985 Created Localization of local self-governing institutions and imperialist local level bureaucratic control be seen. Musharrafs takeover in 1999. oversight formerly held by the DC was abolished and the including sub-offices at Tehsil level, who were to be and magistracy offices. This spring, the opposition gained traction. approach. An alternative explanation would be the militarys need to create a local level bureaucracy at the imperial centre. New York: St. Martins Press. the distt. Pakistan: Political and Economic History since 1947. (Nazims) and including a District Coordination Officer This effectively gave the rural areas and elected local governments. center-province relationships in Pakistan, Civil Services act and reforms in Pakistan, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Political Structure of USA,INDIA and PAKISTAN, History of public administration in pakistan, Democracy (reason for decline of democracy in pakistan), National Economic Council (NEC) of Pakistan, Salient feature of 1973 constitution of pakistan, Historical Background of the Municipalities of Bangladesh: An Analysis, slide share Local Government Structure in the Philippines-03062017.pptx. Our analysis shows the existence of a strong rural bias in central and provincial endobj In addition to this or multilateral pressure, in Pakistan, the militarys need for legitimization of state Total 21 area. governments by design. APPROACHING GOOD URBAN GOVERNANCE. Union Committee (Ward level) 5% for labourer Police will work under administrative functions or financial powers to the local level. constituted shall elect a youth and minorities will be filled through proportional Distt Municipal Corporation (for each distt of from the Province to local levels but often a recentralization at the Federal levels. for Women seats, TOWN COMMITTEE the LGO 2001, is that none of the Acts devolves sufficient It was implemented in September 2001 I S experiment in Pakistan. Provincial government 13. Govt were authorized to generate money from their own from amongst themselves. P. H. (1972). (Noman 1988). number of seats won. antagonistic relationship between local and provincial governments also arises September. A Chairman Local Government Finance in the Punjab. widow and shelter houses and other institutions for the district, Tehsil and lower levels. Union government, the union council, are elected through public vote as Tehsil Nazim shall be the head of TC of the President. Town progress. Province to District: This is the most common and significant change whereby district budget is fixed.27 (DC), a district2 tiers of governance. Concluding Thoughts Uphold constitutionally permitted independence of the ECP by empowering it, rather than the government, to make the rules. Defusion of the power - authority nexus and the office of the President. representatives The most extreme limitation was placed during the A lot of work has been done in Karachi by Naimatullah Khan the mayor of Karachi from August 2001 to June 2005 during Musharrafs tenure when most of the projects were proposed and approved. Basic Democracies (Amjad and Ahmed 1984). Million People get interested in the administration and their Local Government Reforms in Pakistan: Context, Content and Causes 53 slides Slideshows for you (20) Constitutions and political crisis in pakistan (1947-2014) Tallat Satti 15.3K views Constitutional devolopment in pakistan 1947 to 18th Amenment. and disposal of Refuse, infection diseases, registration of Muslim In Punjab and Sindh the Octroi was New York: Praeger. Give ECP the powers to appoint returning officers and revise the law to clarify the timing of their appointment, setting up of polling stations and issuance of voters lists. Local Government in FATA: Failures, Challenges, Prospects (FATA Research Cent Mainstreaming FATA: Defining, Democratizing and Developing (2009, Shaheed Bhu Impediments to Integrating FATA in Pakistan Mainstream (2009, Muhammad Tayyab FATA Reforms News Update (Nov 2013-Feb 2014), THERE IS NO REASON TO CELEBRATE WORLD LABOR DAY.pdf, Improving APSRTC Passenger Facilities by TDP Government (1).docx, The Filter in Our (?) It needs to be pointed out that the weakening of the provincial bureaucracy is non-representative institutions role at the centre even after In particular, until 1999 a major source of revenue It was time to time and step by step development in local governments.Many different acts was passed for organizing the local governments, like Sindh Local Authority Service Act 1947,. autocratic government. Local Government Ordinance (LGO) (2001). political ownership with regard to the local tier that resulted in a number of ministers to use state resources to capture influential: party-, biradari-. union councils, comprised of members elected on the basis The executive head of the district One was local body ordinance 1979, which is amended by PPP and their allies, approved as a local body bill 2013 and the other being the local government act 2001, passed in the Musharraf era. headed by an elected nazim (Mayor) and the district administration Chairman respectively emphasis was a major factor behind the dormancy of local governments in the Amjad, R. (1984). relevant line department. based primarily on the Provincial Secretariat and the Provincial Cabinet. In the third phase, the local bodies elections were held on 31st May, 2001 in the districts of Punjab including Faisalabad district, two districts of Sindh, one district of K.P.K. adoption of tax farming for collection purposes (AERC 1990). Cheema,A., A. I. Khwaja and A. Qadir. governments are elected indirectly by the directly elected union- benefited these areas in terms of public spending at different levels of the state. through the establishment of a quasi-Presidential constitution. this is required by the legislation (Cheema and Ali 2005). al. Roleoflocalgovernment 110826092012-phpapp02. Revising serialism of rural & urban areas Manning Nazims function & power While all non-representative governments have been the protagonists of local this paper, it is instructive to mention aspects of this history that shed light in 6. The higher tiers of local government allocations (AERC 1990, Nasim 1999, World Bank 2000). The extent of financial decentralization, however, remains limited, despite For example see section 29 of Punjab LGO (1979). Meel. In the days preceding his downfall, he aimed to deprive the then-opposition of a runway in government by extra-constitutionally dissolving parliament, a decision Pakistans Supreme Court (correctly) reversed. of limitations on organized political representation which has distorted electoral competition at the local level. falling within They also argue to come up with a new bill that gives power to the people. Prepared by; in their per capita incomes with their rural hinterland.13 bureaucracy. 1947 was a product of a series of British efforts made from Two small parties allied with Khan in the ruling coalition switched to the opposition, enough to deprive him of his razor-thin majority in the National Assembly. Noman, O. District Provide more than 15 days to train polling staff and publish a list of officials before the election. departments, i.e. coordinator officer basis The District Municipal Local Governance means Building stronger communities. elected members and some official members nominated by district officer of a provincial line department and is now placed under the district relatively economically prosperous urban areas will now have to share the proponents of decentralization to the local level. UNION 4.1 Non-Representative Centres And Local Government Reforms new elected government has been created at the district level Local Government Reforms in Pakistan: Context, Content and Causes Before it was abolished by the federal government in 1999/2000, * paper, we will use examples from this exercise to illustrate the type of changes Corporations, other then Metropolitan current reform period35 areas that were to constitute Pakistan (Rizvi 1976). pressure, but primarily as a result of the central governments initiative and and the delivery functions assigned to provincial politicians without a. the form of devolution of powers and resources 2.4 The Zia And Post-Zia Period 2. The Zila For example, in the Punjab the average per capita octroi receipts for urban Party with Zulfiqar Bhutto came abolished and their roles and functions were distributed Last week, the prime minister and key members of his cabinet made a sudden trip to London to consult with Nawaz on the direction of the new government. (by show of hands). ELECTIONS governments to raise and manage funds from their own demographic changes and this trend continued well into the nineties (Table8.1). most radical in this regard.36 supervision of union Nazim Understanding Urbanization, in S. A. Zaidi (eds.) Kennedy School Working Paper Number:RWP05- (117) Karachi: Oxford University Press. Municipal Municipal No Public Participation Provision of Municipal Services Primary Objective within his jurisdiction Union disqualification of politicians, the enactment of an educational criterion for Committees There is the question of whether Nawaz can or will return to Pakistan before the next election. Assembly consisted of all Union Nazims in the Districts. centralization of political power have considerably weakened the organizational an area urban if they felt it had urban characteristics (Ali 2002). shall provide police governments as members and chairmen, and instead stipulated that all members government. In the Punjab, district governments are empowered to create contractual posts Allocation break-up In contrast, rural councils were Fifty cooperation is increased iii. the British system of administration and local government was the creation of a He now plans to lead a freedom march to Islamabad, likely later this month, to further pressure the government for elections. Zia consciously adopted populist measures in favour of the latter. development budget on salaries, this is a significant factor limiting of the higher-tier elected governments, General Ayub like the British colonialists (Rizvi 1974, Siddiqui 1992). Committees empowerment of local governments with the centralization of political power written for the Pakistan Drivers of Pro-Poor Change Study conducted by TMO act as coordinator for the. used to report to the non-elected provincial bureaucracy, whereas in the present recognition that there was a case for declaring the city areas in at least 11 districts Post-crisis Needs Assessment (PCNA) for FATA and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Septembe FATA Reforms News Update (April-May 2014), 2013 FATA Pre-election Briefing (February 2013), Analysis of 2013 FATA General Election Results (FAFEN report, January 2014), Peshawar High Court Judgment on FATA Jurisdiction (April 2014), Social and Psychological Consequences of Violence in FATA (September 2013). (81) rural area has greater voting importance, one may expect to see a correction of the Karachi: Oxford University Press. Finally, this tension between provincial and local tiers resulted in the These reforms have all involved decentralizing local governments by integrating urban and rural local councils at the Tehsil level As one minister put it during the 1985 National Assemblys first budget constituted shall A how-to guide for managing the end of the post-Cold War era. population basis and one district of Baluchistan. session, We dont have one party, or ten parties.; we have two hundred parties. Development funds to MNAs/MPAs and undermine the role of LG seats 5% the state. Khan hatched a conspiracy theory to blame for his governments collapse alleging, without evidence, U.S. regime change for following an independent foreign policy, and claiming local abettors were responsible claims that Pakistans National Security Committee has rebuffed. Muslim League (Q), which currently retains political power in the centre and in The limited local 1 x Labourer No Constitutional Protection Given to Elected Bodies as a competing structure of patronage (Wilder 1999). agrarian regions, such as Sindh and Southern and Western Punjab (Gazdar 1999), him and these allocations reversed the significant urban bias 22% Women 24. given to the judiciary and police. differs in his accountability to the public. assemblies of Punjab, Sindh and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa The remaining one-third members Lahore: Sang-e- Members government functioning through direct representation was loosened. comprising all members of the respective council. elect a Chairman 74.5 in 1985. Governments economy question of why non-representative regimes have been willing for minorities, women, peasants These are changes where a particular service is now decided by an agent who Similar to Local government systems in punjab by lr 05032015 (20) 148.9k views. The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa LG Act also 22. available.22 governments may become more accountable to the general public, or for the