e1b1a in the levant

E-M2 is approximately 7.77.9% of total US male population. The third are the Goths. Almost immediately afterwards, CTS5856 split into six subclades, then branched off into even more subclades in the space of a few generations. The story of M81 is very unusual in that it is so young and diversified into a multitude of subclades within just a few centuries. Distribution of haplogroup E-M81 in Europe, the Middle East & North Africa. Scozzari R, Cruciani F, Santolamazza P et al. Haplogroup E-V68 - Wikipedia (2016) tested the first ancient DNA samples from the Mesolithic Natufian culture in Israel, possibly the world's oldest sedentary community, and found that the male individuals belonged either to haplogroups CT or E1b1 (including two E1b1b1b2 samples). [26] West Africans (e.g., Yoruba and Esan of Nigeria), bearing the Benin sickle cell haplotype, may have migrated through the northeastern region of Africa into the western region of Arabia. His brother is the producer, director and actor Richard Attenborough (b. This branch split from E1b1b during the late glacial period, approximately 14,000 years ago. F1382 appears to have expanded during the Iron Age from the Levant to the Arabian peninsula, where it is almost exclusively found today. The Phoenicians possessed a variety of paternal lineages reflecting the complex ancient history of the Middle East. Autosomally they could be modelled as 2/3 Natufian and 1/3 Sub-Saharan African (West African), confirming the close genetic link between Late Paleolithic North Africans and Mesolithic South Levantines. To obtain "E3a" redirects here. [12][d], E1b1a1a1c is defined by private marker M149. [13][14], At Kindoki, in the Democratic Republic of Congo, there were three individuals, dated to the protohistoric period (230 BP, 150 BP, 230 BP); one carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1d1a2 (E-CTS99, E-CTS99) and L1c3a1b, another carried haplogroup E (E-M96, E-PF1620), and the last carried haplogroups R1b1 (R-P25 1, R-M415) and L0a1b1a1. The material culture of the Late Chalcolithic period in the southern Levant (4500-3900/3800 BCE) is qualitatively distinct from previous and subsequent periods. Napoleon I had previously been identified by Lucotte's team as a member of mtDNA haplogroup H. The acclaimed theoretical physicist Albert Einstein is presumed to have belonged to Y-haplogroup E-Z830 based on the results from a patrilineal descendant of Naphtali Hirsch Einstein, Albert Einstein's great-grand-father. Whilst E1b1a reaches its highest frequency of 81% in Senegal, only 1 of the 139 Senegalese that were tested showed M191/P86. Correspondence to Sectors in pie charts are coloured according to the haplogroup colour code to the left. In other words, the frequency of the haplogroup decreases as one moves from western and southern Africa toward the eastern and northern parts of Africa.[30]. [19] Human leukocyte antigen alleles further confirm that the individuals were of Sub-Saharan African origin. Anthropology, archaeology, linguistics and, in recent decades, genetics have been used to elucidate some of the events and processes involved. The basal E-U175* is extremely rare. [13][14], Hawass et al. BMC Evol Biol 2010; 10: 92. Remains found in modern day Israel were analysed and confirmed to carry this haplogroup, dating as far back as the Natufian culture - a peoples living in the Levant (Eastern Mediterranean area of Western Asia . Amorim et al. The absence of E-V13 from Central Anatolia does not concord with a diffusion linked to Neolithic agriculture. This theory has it that E1b1b people were associated with the development of Neolithic lifestyle and the advent of agriculture in the Fertile Crescent and its earliest diffusion to Southeast Europe (Thessalian Neolithic) and Mediterranean Europe (Cardium Pottery culture). Nature 1998; 394: 138140. Of the possible 17 haplogroups, 12 were observed in the complete data set with haplogroup E1b1a modal (0.847, range in population groups 0.3890.957), both overall and in every sub-Saharan African group. Am J Hum Genet 1999; 65: 829846. E-V13 has been found as far away as central Siberia, near the Altai, a region also known to have been settled by Bronze Age Indo-Europeans. Haplogroup E-V38 - Wikipedia J Afr Hist 1995; 36: 173195. Behar DM, Thomas MG, Skorecki K et al. Something is wrong: Where do black people come from? Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 532544. In whichever scenario, it is clear that M81 benefited from a potent founder effect in the Maghreb, a region that was first dominated by the Carthaginian elite, but quickly became one of the favourite regions of residence for the Roman elite within the empire (along with Spain, France and Greece). Living Descendants of Biblical Canaanites Identified Via DNA The ancestral L485 SNP (along with several of its subclades) was very recently discovered. [25] Ganda was of West African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-CTS5612 and L1c1c. E1b1a in the Levant? - YouTube mtDNA variability in two Bantu-speaking populations (Shona and Hutu) from Eastern Africa: implications for peopling and migration patterns in sub-Saharan Africa. Sir David Attenborough (b. (2012) determined that the mummy of an unknown man buried with Ramesses was, because of the proven genetic relationship and a mummification process that suggested punishment, a good candidate for the pharaoh's son, Pentaweret, who was the only son to revolt against his father. The testing of ancient DNA from the Natufian culture (Mesolithic Levant) and Pre-Pottery Neolithic Levant confirmed a high incidence of haplogroup E1b1b in that region. [17][18], At a San Jose de los Naturales Royal Hospital burial site, in Mexico City, Mexico, three enslaved West Africans of West African and Southern African ancestry, dated between 1453 CE and 1626 CE, 1450 CE and 1620 CE, and 1436 CE and 1472 CE, were found; one carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1c1b/E-M263.2 and L1b2a, another carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1d1/E-P278.1/E-M425 and L3d1a1a, and the last carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1c1a1c/E-CTS8030 and L3e1a1a. We thank all DNA donors and those assisting in sample collection and Professor Mark Thomas and Dr Krishna Veeramah for their support with typing and helpful comments and suggestions on the manuscript. Hum Genet 1999; 105: 577581. E1b1a1a1f is defined by L485. Hum Biol 2011; 83: 1338. All samples (96-well plates) were then placed on a thermocycler under the following conditions: denaturation at 95C for 5min, followed by 35 cycles of denaturation (95C) for 45s, annealing (see Supplementary Table S2 for annealing temperatures) for 45s and elongation (72C) for 45s. The final step of the PCR programme was a 7-min extension at 72C before a 30min hold at 4C. The finer branches of the genealogical tree were associated with lower estimates of TMRCA (Figure 1). This led the authors to suggest that E-V38 may have originated in East Africa. However, because each is, in effect, a single linked locus, interpreting observed differences among groups must be undertaken with a high level of caution. Underhill PA, Shen P, Lin AA et al. Google Scholar. These lineages continued to expand around the Middle East, Greece and Italy during the Bronze Age. We note that the phenomenon of surfing can explain the absence of an allele in only some groups that are the consequence of range expansion.48, 49 However ,unless the allele (in this case NRY belonging to haplogroup E1b1a8a1a) became extinct early in the western route expansion (which is, in effect, the same as not having been part of that expansion), there is no reason to suppose that extinction of the haplogroup in western route groups (Guthrie classification H, B and C) was more likely than in eastern groups (Guthrie classification N and P). Genealogical relationships of UEP markers used to define NRY haplogroups. M81 is especially common in western Iberia, notably Extremadura (15.5%), Andalusia (13.5%), southern Portugal (11%), the Canary Islands (11%), north-west Castille (10%) and Galicia (10%). [21], In Granada, a Muslim (Moor) of the Cordoba Caliphate,[22] who was of haplogroups E1b1a1 and H1+16189,[23][24] as well as estimated to date between 900 CE and 1000 CE, and a Morisco,[22] who was of haplogroup L2e1,[23][24] as well as estimated to date between 1500 CE and 1600 CE, were both found to be of West African (i.e., Gambian) and Iberian descent. [25] Pita was of Sub-Saharan African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-M4287 and L3e2b. [30] E-M10 was found in a single person of the Lissongo group in the Central African Republic and two members in a "Mixed" population from the Adamawa region.[12]. Genetics 2003; 165: 229234. So what exactly is the definition of a hamite? ISSN 1476-5438 (online) The haplogroup E1b1a-M2 (and its sub-lineages) is widely spread in Africa and highly prevalent in all Bantu sub-Saharan populations, with frequencies above 80% in most populations 39, 40,46,47 .. E1B1A must be the standard for determining whether or not a male is a descendant of the Biblical Israelites. and JavaScript. Holden CJ : Bantu language trees reflect the spread of farming across sub-Saharan Africa: a maximum-parsimony analysis. TMRCA for E1b1a as a whole was estimated at 61756588 YBP with the TMRCA for the youngest haplogroup (E1b1a8a1a) estimated at 11001638 YBP. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 66: 674686. Lazaridis et al. The E1b1b1a lineage is identified by the presence of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mutation on the Y chromosome, which . volume21,pages 423429 (2013)Cite this article. Searching for the roots of the first free African American - Nature L2a is widespread in Africa and the most common and . Google Scholar. As a Germanic tribe they might have carried a small percentage of E-V13. Nowadays, the highest genetic diversity of haplogroup E1b1b is observed in Northeast Africa, especially in Ethiopia and Somalia, which also have the monopoly of older and rarer branches like M281, V6 or V92. Richard Henry Proves That the Paternal Haplogroup E1B1A Is the Real John's father, Matthias Corvinus (1443-1490) was King of Hungary and Croatia, and disputed King of Bohemia and Duke of Austria. Multiple origins of Ashkenazi Levites:Y chromosome evidence for both Near Eastern and European ancestries. [67] The place of origin and age is unreported. [25] Zimbu was of western Central African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-CTS5497 and L3e1e. Castri L, Tofanelli S, Garagnani P et al. E1b1a1 is defined by markers DYS271/M2/SY81, M291, P1/PN1, P189, P293, V43, and V95. Ancient East, West and North Germanics had different Y-DNA lineages, Johnson/Johnston/Johnstone DNA Surname Project, E1b1b (Y-DNA). As for E1a (the parent of E1b1b and E1b1a), it seems to have never left Africa at all. The basal node E-L485* appears to be somewhat uncommon but has not been sufficiently tested in large populations. Genetic and demographic implications of the Bantu expansion: insights from human paternal lineages. Early genetic studies of Bantu-speaking people were based on classical gene frequency data. (2021) indicates that Ramesses III and Unknown Man E, possibly Pentawere, carried haplogroup E1b1a. This, we hypothesise, may shed light on routes taken during their expansion. Lang Dyn Change 2011; 1: 5088. [20], At Cabeo da Amoreira, in Portugal, an enslaved West African man, who may have been from the Senegambian coastal region of Gambia, Mauritania, or Senegal, and carried haplogroups E1b1a and L3b1a, was buried among shell middens between the 16th century CE and the 18th century CE. Cruciani F, Santolamazza P, Shen P et al. Additional genetic testing suggest that the remains may indeed belong to Y-DNA Haplogroup E1b1b which split from E1b1a, and tends to be common in the Levant, Northern Africa, and the Rift valley region in modern times. The original Phoenician M81 in the Levant could also have diffused across the Eastern Mediterranean over the centuries, during the Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman periods. E1b1a2 E1b1a2 is defined by the SNP mutation M329. E-M123 originated some 19,000 years ago, during the last Ice Age Its place of origin is uncertain, but it was probably in the Red Sea region, somewhere between the southern Levant and Ethiopia. Genetic and Demographic Implications of the Bantu Expansion: Insights Wairak people in Tanzania tested 4.6% (2/43) positive for E-M10. (2012) recovered the DNA of Napoleon Bonaparte from beard hair follicules and compared his Y-DNA to that of one of his present-day descendants, Charles Napolon. Diversity (h) of E1b1a was calculated at the five component-haplogroup level ranged from 0.379 to 0.753, excluding the Anuak (h=0). peoples). [25] Jode was of Sub-Saharan African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-CTS4975 and L2a1a2c. Y-chromosomal variation in sub-Saharan Africa: Insights into the history of Niger-Congo groups. The Fishers exact test was also performed in the R environment. Edmonds CA, Lillie AS, Cavalli-Sforza LL : Mutations arising in the wave front of an expanding population. Y6923 also emerged around 3500 BCE, but became almost extinct. His real name is Nicolas Kim Coppola, and his paternal great-grand-father emigrated to the U.S. from the South Italian town of Bernalda in Basilicata. Google Scholar. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101: 975979. 2002 ). Despite this level of diversity, however, there is a high level of similarity between groups.20. CAS It is especially common among Berber populations all over Northwest Africa, including the Tuaregs. Montano et al. In this study, we analysed unique event polymorphism and short tandem repeat variation in non-recombining Y-chromosome haplogroups contained within the E1b1a haplogroup, which is exclusive to individuals of recent African ancestry, in a large, geographically widely distributed, set of sub-Saharan Africans (groups=43, n=2757), all of whom, except one Nilo-Saharan-speaking group, spoke a Niger-Congo language and most a Bantu tongue. [25] Kuto was of western Central African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-CTS2198 and L2a1a2. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). All of the groups characterised in this study speak a Niger-Congo language, except for the Anuak in south-west Ethiopia who speak a Nilo-Saharan language. It would be unthinkable that over 1,500 years of Hellenisation and Byzantine rule in Anatolia and the Levant didn't leave any genetic trace. A back migration from Asia to sub-Saharan Africa is supported by high-resolution analysis of human Y-chromosome haplotypes. The Bantu expansion revisited: a new analysis of Y chromosome variation in Central Western Africa. The highest frequencies of E-M123 are observed in Jordan (31% near the Dead Sea), Ethiopia (5-20%), Israel/Palestine (10-12% among the Palestinians and the Jews), among the Bedouins (8%), in Lebanon (5%), in North Africa (3-5%), Anatolia (3-6%) and southern Europe, particularly Italy (1 to 8%), in the Spanish region of Extremadura (4%), and the Balearic islands of Ibiza and Minorca (average 10%). The early development of agriculture triggered significant population growth, resulting in the expansion of early farming populations, along with the spread of language families in many parts of the world, including Africa.1 The many advantages of agricultural subsistence over foraging is a likely contributing factor to the rapid expansion of agriculturists and their languages during the holocene.2 A well-known example of this phenomenon in Africa is the expansion of the Bantu-speaking people (EBSP), which is thought, on the basis of linguistic evidence, to have started around 5000 years ago3 in the region on the border between modern day eastern Nigeria and Cameroon.4 It is widely accepted that there was an early split into eastern and western routes in which farmers first expanded east and also, within 1500 years, reached West-Central Africa. Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882), the general, politician and nationalist who played a large role in the history of Italy, probably belonged to haplogroup E-V13 based on the Y-DNA results from another Garibaldi from the same province in his ancestral Liguria. These locations mainly cover West, Central-West, East, South-East and South Africa. Newman JL : The Peopling of Africa: A Geographic Interpretation. Genome Res 2008; 18: 830838. Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. The first colonists were Phoenicians, who came from present-day Lebanon and the Tartus province of Syria. Lewis MP : Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Some of these SNPs have little or no published population data and/or have yet to receive nomenclature recognition by the YCC. The TMRCA was estimated using an average NRY STR mutation rate of 0.00245 and generation time of 25 years. Ramesses III is not E1b1a - Ancient Egypt and (b) If so, did those expansions take different routes? Was E-V13 a major lineage of Hallstatt Celts and Italics? E1b1a1a1b is defined by M116.2, a private marker. The Etruscans, who may have come from western Anatolia, could have brought E-M34 to central Italy, which would then have been assimilated by the Romans. Evaluation of Y-chromosomal STRs: a multicenter study. Southern Neolithic route brought Megaliths from the Levant to Western Europe, Y-DNA samples tested from Neolithic Europe. Salas A, Richards M, Lareu MV et al. Because the West-Central African E1b1a data set is sufficiently large (n=516; eight groups), we would have expected to observe the E1b1a8a1a haplotype, if present at a frequency as low as 0.0058. However, out of 69 Y-DNA samples tested from Neolithic Europe, only two belonged to that haplogroup: one E-M78 from the Sopot culture in Hungary (5000-4800 BCE), another E-M78 (c. 5000 BCE), possibly E-V13, from north-east Spain, and a E-L618 from Zemunica cave near Split in Croatia from 5500 BCE (Fernandes et al., 2016). This includes some E1b1b subclades like V22 (12,000 years old) and V32 (10,000 years old), but also undeniably Near Eastern lineages like T1a-CTS2214 and J1-L136. Weale ME, Shah T, Jones AL et al. [12] One Carioca from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil tested positive for the M58 SNP. Outside North Africa, M81 is far more frequent in parts of Iberia than anywhere else in Europe or the Near East. Archaeological evidence suggests that the early expansion of proto-Bantu speakers was associated with pre-Iron Age farming technology and did not involve smelting metals.3 The first evidence of metallurgy south of the Sahara was found at Nok in Nigeria and is dated to no earlier than 2500 YBP.10 Therefore, it is possible that with the aid of the new technology, further expansions may have occurred after the first dispersal of farmers. E-V13's presence in this culture would explain why modern Iranians and Kurds possess E-V13, in addition to R1a-Z93 and R1b-Z2103. The Moors also conquered Sicily. [25] Isi was of western Central African ancestry and carried haplogroup L3e2a. Also downstream of CTS1096, the Y14891 and Z21018 clades are typically found among people of Jewish ancestry, while PF6391 and Z21421 are found in the Levant (Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Jordan) and the Arabian peninsula. Further support for the EBSP origin from the Nigeria/Cameroon area comes from the observation that E1b1a component-haplogroup STR diversities are greater in West Africa than in either West-Central or East-Central Africa (Table 2). In this study, haplogroup E1b1a8a1a, the haplogroup with the shortest TMRCA, was observed in all eastern data sets (three from Malawi, one from Mozambique (in both cases, all speakers of Guthrie classification Bantu languages N and P spoken on the eastern side of Africa) and one from Pretoria, n (samples)=18) but in none of the eight western groups (all speakers of Guthrie classification Bantu languages H, B and C spoken on the western side of Africa) (Fishers exact test: haplogroup present/absent in data set P=0.0008; haplogroup frequency P<0.0001). Alves I, Coelho M, Gignoux C, Damasceno A, Prista A, Rocha J : Genetic homogeneity across Bantu-speaking groups from Mozambique and Angola challenges early split scenarios between East and West Bantu populations. The French footballer of Algerian origin Zinedine Zidane (born 1972), is a member of haplogroup E1b1b (M81) according to his brother's DNA test. Only two other haplogroups exceeded 5% of the total: BT* (xDE,KT) (7.5%) and E* (xE1b1a) (5.1%). [69] This is the modal haplotype of STR markers that is common in carriers of E-U175. The clade has been found at low frequencies in West Asia. The highest percentage of E-M81 in Europe is found among the Pasiegos (30%, n=101), an isolated community living in the mountains of Cantabria. Marieke van de Loosdrecht et al. In just a few centuries, that very minor E-V13 lineage had started an expansion process that would turn it into one of Europe's most widespread paternal lineages and reach far beyond the borders of Europe itself, also spreading to the eastern edge of the Mediterranean, the Caucasus, Kurdistan, Iran, and even Siberia. [15] Using Whit Athey's haplogroup predictor based on Y-STR values both mummies were predicted to share the Y chromosomal haplogroup E1b1a1-M2 and 50% of their genetic material, which pointed to a father-son relationship. (2007) suggests that E-M78, E1b1b predominant subclade in Egypt, originated in "Northeastern Africa", with a corridor for bidirectional migrations between northeastern and eastern Africa (at least 2 episodes between 23.9-17.3 ky and 18.0-5.9 ky ago), trans-Mediterranean migrations directly from northern Africa to Europe (mainly in The biggest genetic impact of the Romans/Italians outside of Italy appears to have been in Gaul (modern France, Belgium, southern Germany and Switzerland), probably because this was the closest region to Italy using the well-developed Roman road network (actually inherited from the Gauls themselves). Migrations within the Roman Empire probably played a role, although a minor one, in the redistribution of E1b1b in Europe. The weak point of this hypothesis is that it doesn't explain how M81 reached places like France, Britain, Greece or Turkey, nor even northern Spain. The original Phoenician M81 in the Levant could also have diffused across the Eastern Mediterranean over the centuries, during the Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman periods. Whether these E-M78 samples came with Neolithic farmers from the Near East or were already present among Mesolithic Europeans is unclear at present. Farming, languages, and genes. Where Did Haplogroup E1b1b Originate and Expand From? [e], E1b1a1a1h is defined by markers P268 and P269. [6][7][8][9] According to Wood et al. The haplogroup E1b1a-M2 (and its sub-lineages) is widely spread in Africa and highly prevalent in all Bantu sub-Saharan populations, with frequencies above 80% in most populations 39,40,46,47. Sociological data were also collected from most individuals, including age, current residence, birthplace, self-declared cultural identity, first language, second language and (when available) religion of the individual, as well as similar information on the individuals father, mother, paternal grandfather and maternal grandmother. Combined use of biallelic and microsatellite Y-chromosome polymorphisms to infer affinities among African populations. Category: Y-DNA Haplogroup E1b1b Thomas MG, Parfitt T, Weiss DA et al. Group-based pharmacogenetic prediction: is it feasible and do current NHS England ethnic classifications provide appropriate data? The YCAII STR marker value of 1919 is also usually indicative of U175. Personally, I can't remember any study who detected E1b1a in that region during the BA or among the Natufians. Whether origins of M81 lie in the Carthaginian or Roman elite, its parent clades M310.1 and Z827 would have originated in the Levant, and not in Northwest Africa. PLoS ONE 2011; 6: e16073. Gusmao L, Sanchez-Diz P, Calafell F et al. The distribution and age of E-V13 clades in central and western Europe are consistent with a dispersal by Hallstatt and La Tne Celts, Italic tribes (including a Roman redistribution) and the later influx of Germanic tribes, particularly the Goths, who may have assimilated additional Proto-Slavic E-V13 lineages in East Germany, Poland and Ukraine before entering the Roman Empire. The study revealed that he belonged to haplogroup E1b1b1. E1b1a, on the other hand, is said to have never left Africa but was reported in 6% of Natufian samples. Diamond J, Bellwood P : Farmers and their languages: the first expansions. Haplogroup E1b1b (formerly known as E3b) represents the last major direct migration from Africa into Europe. Bantu and European Y-lineages in sub-Saharan Africa. The Harvey Y-DNA Genetic Project managed to retrace the ancestry and identify the Y-chromosomal haplogroup of William Harvey (1578 -1657), the first person to describe completely and in detail the systemic circulation and properties of blood being pumped to the body by the heart. around the Czech Republic). As both NRY and mtDNA genetic systems have smaller effective population sizes than autosomal markers, they are more prone to genetic drift14, 15, 16 and are therefore more likely to differ among groups than are autosomal markers.
How Hard Is Cph Exam, Troy Montana Obituaries, Does Sam's Club Blade Tenderized, Monsieur's Airport Crossword, Carley Allison Funeral Video, Articles E