anatomy and physiology of sensory system ppt

LM 1600. Wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation longer than 720 nm fall into the infrared range, whereas wavelengths shorter than 380 nm fall into the ultraviolet range. The central integration may then lead to a motor response. Note the shoulder positions of the subject. Sense organs Anatomy and Physiology - SlideShare LM 800. The canal enters the skull through the external auditory meatus of the temporal bone. Some travel to the cerebrum, specifically to the primary olfactory cortex that is located in the inferior and medial areas of the temporal lobe. Therefore, visual acuity, or the sharpness of vision, is greatest at the fovea. Anatomy Terms to Know: Extra-ocular muscles, sclera, choroid, pigmented epithelium, fovea, vitreous humor, aqueous humor, iris, lens, ciliary body, cornea, conjunctiva, optic nerve, blind spot (or optic disc), retina [retinal neurons - ganglion cells, amacrine cells, bipolar cells, horizontal cells, photoreceptors (rods, cones)], and occipital (visual) cortex of the brain. This spasm is a reflex that is initiated by stretch receptors to avoid muscle tearing. This bends the stereocilia either toward or away from the tallest member of each array. When the stereocilia bend toward the tallest member of their array, tension in the protein tethers opens ion channels in the hair cell membrane. These new axons grow along the axons that are already in place in the cranial nerve. 14.1 Sensory Perception - Anatomy and Physiology 2e - OpenStax Can you label any structures if you use the above diagram as a guide? One network of neurons in the retina sends signals to one ganglion cell. Raised bumps called papillae (singular = papilla) contain the structures for gustatory transduction. Increasing hydrogen ion concentrations in the saliva (lowering saliva pH) triggers progressively stronger graded potentials in the gustatory cells. Within the realm of physiology, senses can be classified as either general or specific. If you answered YES!, then you have the dominant genotype for the PTC gene! 1999-2023, Rice University. Repeat while standing with your right or left side closest to the board, and note front-to-back swaying, First with eyes open and then with eyes closed. The motor nuclei of these cranial nerves connect to the brain stem, which coordinates eye movements. Also, taste is often integrated as a perception with olfactory sensory input. The eye is also divided into two cavities: the anterior cavity and the posterior cavity. Rods are so sensitive to light that a single photon can result in an action potential from a rods corresponding RGC. Salty taste is simply the perception of sodium ions (Na+) in the saliva. For example, have you ever stretched your muscles before or after exercise and noticed that you can only stretch so far before your muscles spasm back to a less stretched state? are licensed under a, Structural Organization of the Human Body, Elements and Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter, Inorganic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning, Organic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning, Nervous Tissue Mediates Perception and Response, Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Integumentary System, Exercise, Nutrition, Hormones, and Bone Tissue, Calcium Homeostasis: Interactions of the Skeletal System and Other Organ Systems, Embryonic Development of the Axial Skeleton, Development and Regeneration of Muscle Tissue, Interactions of Skeletal Muscles, Their Fascicle Arrangement, and Their Lever Systems, Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back, Axial Muscles of the Abdominal Wall, and Thorax, Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs, Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs, Basic Structure and Function of the Nervous System, Circulation and the Central Nervous System, Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System, Organs with Secondary Endocrine Functions, Development and Aging of the Endocrine System, The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation, Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance, Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System, Development of Blood Vessels and Fetal Circulation, Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems, Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response, The Adaptive Immune Response: T lymphocytes and Their Functional Types, The Adaptive Immune Response: B-lymphocytes and Antibodies, Diseases Associated with Depressed or Overactive Immune Responses, Energy, Maintenance, and Environmental Exchange, Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System, Embryonic Development of the Respiratory System, Digestive System Processes and Regulation, Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder, Chemical Digestion and Absorption: A Closer Look, Regulation of Fluid Volume and Composition, Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance, Human Development and the Continuity of Life, Anatomy and Physiology of the Testicular Reproductive System, Anatomy and Physiology of the Ovarian Reproductive System, Development of the Male and Female Reproductive Systems, Changes During Pregnancy, Labor, and Birth, Adjustments of the Infant at Birth and Postnatal Stages. Golgi tendon organs similarly transduce the stretch levels of tendons. The cochlea is attached to the stapes through the oval window. 1_Digital Dots Adobe Photoshop Image Microsoft Photo Editor 3.0 Photo Sensory Overview Classification of Sensory System by Structural Complexity Sensory Receptors - Overview Sensory Transduction Complexity Range of Receptors 4 Types of . Until recently, only four tastes were recognized: sweet, salty, sour, and bitter. Gustation is the special sense associated with the tongue. Resources Notes: Chapter 2: Tissues | Presentation Slides They provide information about the position or movement of different parts of the body as well as the length and extent of contraction along with muscle tension. Professional fighters often experience anosmia because of repeated trauma to face and head. Strike the fork so it makes a sound and move it to front, back, side, and top of the head at a constant distance, holding it to allow the subject to point out the location. The auricle, ear canal, and tympanic membrane are often referred to as the external ear. However, this increased sodium intake can increase blood volume and blood pressure, increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases in the elderly. The video makes the statement (at 0:45) that specialized cells in the retina called ganglion cells convert the light rays into electrical signals. What aspect of retinal processing is simplified by that statement? Physical stimuli, such as pressure and vibration, as well as the sensation of sound and body position (balance), are interpreted through a mechanoreceptor. This is because the fovea is where the least amount of incoming light is absorbed by other retinal structures (see Figure 14.15). Other overlooked senses include temperature perception by thermoreceptors and pain perception by nociceptors. The sphere of the eye can be divided into anterior and posterior chambers. For humans, the only electromagnetic energy that is perceived by our eyes is visible light. These ganglia are located within the spiral-shaped cochlea of the inner ear. Perception is the central processing of sensory stimuli into a meaningful pattern. Pearson PowerPoints (fundamentals A&P 11th edition) - HCC Learning Web Structure of Sensory Receptor Sensations can be produced mainly by very simple kinds of receptors or complex sense organs receptors for General Senses are relatively simple A. The angle of the tendon through the trochlea means that contraction of the superior oblique rotates the eye laterally. The three ossicles are the malleus, incus, and stapes, which are Latin names that roughly translate to hammer, anvil, and stirrup. Bitter taste is similar to sweet in that food molecules bind to G proteincoupled receptors. The orbit is surrounded by cranial bones of the skull. Vision is the special sense of sight that is based on the transduction of light stimuli received through the eyes. She recognized that her sense of taste was unique compared with other people she knew. ________. Anatomy and Physiology- Sensory System Flashcards | Quizlet The standing sound wave generated in the cochlea by the movement of the oval window deflects the basilar membrane on the basis of the frequency of sound. Transmembrane receptors are activated by chemicals called ligands. The stimulus causes the sensory cell to produce an action potential that is relayed into the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated with other sensory informationor sometimes higher cognitive functionsto become a conscious perception of that stimulus. Nociceptive Pain. _______________, Are your eyes exactly the same? The lateral rectus, which causes abduction of the eye, is innervated by the abducens nerve. As the head rotates in a plane parallel to the semicircular canal, the fluid lags, deflecting the cupula in the direction opposite to the head movement. The wall of the eye is composed of three layers: the fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, and neural tunic. The posterior cavity is the space behind the lens that extends to the posterior side of the interior eyeball, where the retina is located. Tilting the head causes the otolithic membrane to slide over the macula in the direction of gravity. Chapter 10: Sensory Physiology Author: Kindy Last modified by: Kindy Created Date: 10/3/1999 7:36:15 PM . In a darkened room, there is not enough light to activate cone opsins, and vision is entirely dependent on rods. Sensory Systems : Anatomy, Physiology and Pathophysiology - Google Books The organs of Corti contain hair cells, which are named for the hair-like stereocilia extending from the cells apical surfaces (Figure 14.8). The retinal molecule has two isomers, (a) one before a photon interacts with it and (b) one that is altered through photoisomerization. Not surprisingly, dishes that contain meat are often described as savory. Can you see any similarities among the members of your family? In addition to describing anatomy and function, the book also provides insight as to how sensory information is processed in the brain to provide the basis for . The cells in the retina that respond to light stimuli are an example of a specialized receptor, a photoreceptor. This video gives an abbreviated overview of the visual system by concentrating on the pathway from the eyes to the occipital lobe. Why or why not? If you differ, then provide a possible explanation as to why: This lab has been adapted from Rice University and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License License (3.0). The sclera accounts for five sixths of the surface of the eye, most of which is not visible, though humans are unique compared with many other species in having so much of the white of the eye visible (Figure 14.15). Creative Commons Attribution License This means that its receptors are not associated with a specialized organ, but are instead spread throughout the body in a variety of organs. The highest concentration of bitter receptors appear to be in the posterior tongue, where a gag reflex could still spit out poisonous food. Modality refers to the way that information is encoded, which is similar to the idea of transduction. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. There are four types of papillae, based on their appearance (Figure 14.3): circumvallate, foliate, filiform, and fungiform. Like sweet and bitter, it is based on the activation of G proteincoupled receptors by a specific molecule. The rod-shaped outer segments of the rod photoreceptor contain a stack of membrane-bound discs that contain the photosensitive pigment rhodopsin. Receptor cells can be classified into types on the basis of three different criteria: cell type, position, and function. The eye can focus light images on the retina using the cornea and the lens. Two types of somatosensory signals that are transduced by free nerve endings are pain and temperature. Learning Objectives. Can you explain any differences? Osmoreceptors respond to solute concentrations of body fluids. Inner ear Cochlea, which contains the hair cells (receptors) within the Organ of Corti. All of the other muscles are innervated by the oculomotor nerve, as is the levator palpebrae superioris. Different types of papillae are found in different regions of the tongue. A person with an impaired sense of smell may require additional spice and seasoning levels for food to be tasted. The major sensory organs can be grouped based on various characteristics, i.e. Individuals can map their tongues for taste buds, once sensitivity thresholds have been determined. When a large group of photopigments is bleached, the retina will send information as if opposing visual information is being perceived. The first two tastes (salty and sour) are triggered by the cations Na+ and H+. Physiology of Sensory system - SlideShare https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-introduction, https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/14-1-sensory-perception, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Dermis, cornea, tongue, joint capsules, visceral organs, Pain, temperature, mechanical deformation, Epidermaldermal junction, mucosal membranes, Papillary dermis, especially in the fingertips and lips, Deep pressure, high-frequency vibration (around 250 Hz), Wrapped around hair follicles in the dermis, Describe different types of sensory receptors, Describe the structures responsible for the special senses of taste, smell, hearing, balance, and vision, Distinguish how different tastes are transduced, Describe the means of mechanoreception for hearing and balance, List the supporting structures around the eye and describe the structure of the eyeball, Describe the processes of phototransduction. Umami is a Japanese word that means delicious taste, and is often translated to mean savory. The membrane covering the round window will bulge out or pucker in with the movement of the fluid within the scala tympani. You can repeat this with your left eye, staring at the circle. Anatomy and physiology of the senses - PubMed Higher frequency waves move the region of the basilar membrane that is close to the base of the cochlea.
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