If RAIM is not available, pilots need an approved alternate means of navigation, An aircraft is considered to be established on-course during RNAV and RNP operations anytime it is within 1 times the required accuracy for the segment being flown. COPs are prescribed for Federal airways, jet routes, area navigation routes, or other direct routes for which an MEA is designated under 14 CFR Part 95 The COP is a point along the route or airway segment between two adjacent navigation facilities or waypoints where changeover in navigation guidance should occur Operators of GPS aircraft should always check for GPS and/or WAAS NOTAMS for their route of flight, GPS is a critical component of essential communication, navigation, and surveillance (CNS) in the NAS; and flight safety/control systems. ", Checkpoints should be appropriately 10 NM apart, They may be points off the route which you can identify when abeam, Use of tools such as satellite maps (Google, Bing, etc.) The CFI will spend hundreds of hours compiling data from various sources that cover all of the FAA Required subject areas. | Privacy Policy | Terms of Service | Sitemap | Patreon | Contact, Federal Aviation Administration - Pilot/Controller Glossary, CFI Notebook.net - Airways and Route Course Navigation, Instrument Flying Handbook (1-6) IFR En-Route Charts, The objective of IFR en route flight is to navigate within the, Your ability to fly instruments safely and competently in the system is greatly enhanced by understanding the vast array of data available to the pilot on instrument charts, En route high-altitude charts provide aeronautical information for en route instrument navigation at or above 18,000' MSL, Information includes the portrayal of Jet and RNAV routes, identification and frequencies of radio aids, selected airports, distances, time zones, special use airspace, and related information, Established jet routes from 18,000' MSL to FL 450 use NAVAIDs not more than 260 NM apart, To effectively depart from one airport and navigate en route under instrument conditions, a pilot needs the appropriate IFR en route low-altitude chart(s), The IFR low altitude en route chart is the instrument equivalent of the sectional chart, When folded, the cover of the AeroNav Products en route chart displays an index map of the United States showing the coverage areas, Cities near congested airspace are shown in black type and their associated area chart is listed in the box in the lower left-hand corner of the map coverage box, Also noted is an explanation of the off-route obstruction clearance altitude (OROCA), The effective date of the chart is printed on the other side of the folded chart, Information concerning MTRs is also included on the chart cover, The en route charts are revised every 56 days, When the AeroNav Products en route chart is unfolded, the legend is displayed and provides information concerning airports, NAVAIDs, communications, air traffic services, and airspace, Airport information is provided in the legend, and the symbols used for the airport name, elevation, and runway length are similar to the sectional chart presentation, Associated city names are shown for public airports only, FAA identifiers are shown for all airports, ICAO identifiers are also shown for airports outside of the contiguous United States, Instrument approaches can be found at airports with blue or green symbols, while the brown airport symbol denotes airports that do not have instrument approaches, Stars are used to indicate the part-time nature of tower operations, Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS) frequencies, part-time or on request lighting facilities, and part-time airspace classifications, The minimum en route altitude (MEA) ensures a navigation signal strong enough for adequate reception by the aircraft navigation (NAV) receiver and obstacle clearance along the airway, Communication is not necessarily guaranteed with MEA compliance, The obstacle clearance, within the limits of the airway, is typically 1,000' in non-mountainous areas and 2,000' in designated mountainous areas, MEAs can be authorized with breaks in the signal coverage; if this is the case, the AeroNav Products en route chart notes "MEA GAP" parallel to the affected airway, MEAs are usually bidirectional; however, they can be single-directional, Arrows are used to indicate the direction to which the MEA applies, The minimum obstruction clearance altitude (MOCA), as the name suggests, provides the same obstruction clearance as an MEA; however, the NAV signal reception is ensured only within 22 NM of the closest NAVAID defining the route, The MOCA is listed below the MEA and indicated on AeroNav Products charts by a leading asterisk (e.g., "*3400" - see Figure 1-2, V287 at bottom left), The minimum reception altitude (MRA) identifies the lowest altitude at which an intersection can be determined from an off-course NAVAID, If the reception is line-of-sight based, signal coverage only extends to the MRA or above, However, if the aircraft is equipped with distance measuring equipment (DME) and the chart indicates the intersection can be identified with such equipment, the pilot could define the fix without attaining the MRA, On AeroNav Products charts, the MRA is indicated by the symbol, The minimum crossing altitude (MCA) is charted when a higher MEA route segment is approached, The MCA is usually indicated when a pilot is approaching steeply rising terrain and obstacle clearance and/or signal reception is compromised, In this case, the pilot is required to initiate a climb so the MCA is reached by the time the intersection is crossed, On AeroNav Products charts, the MCA is indicated by the symbol, The maximum authorized altitude (MAA) is the highest altitude at which the airway can be flown with assurance of receiving adequate navigation signals, Chart depictions appear as "MAA-15000." The Flight InstructorAirplane Practical Test Standards book has been published by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to establish the standards for the flight instructor certification practical tests for the airplane category and the single- engine and multiengine classes. If an alternate is required, the alternate airport must have an instrument approach while meeting certain criteria: 800' ceiling, 2 miles visibility, if non-precision approach, 600' ceiling, 2 miles visibility, if precision approach, If no approach exists for the alternate runway, descent from cruising altitude must be possible under Visual Flight Rules, Note that minimums published for approaches may differ, Navigation can be accomplished in several ways, Two examples include pilotage and dead reckoning which, although different, are not mutually exclusive, Dead recokoning is navigation by planning, When track = course you are flying exactly where you intend, Various tools are necessary to complete a flight plan, Generally the most direct route is preferred but several considerations may require some deviation, Checkpoints allow you to follow the progress of your flight against your planning calculations, Landmarks can be checkpoints but may also inform a pilot where they are in relation to checkpoints. Continue searching. allow for you to preview checkpoints, Can be positively identified and plotted as a point on a chart (i.e., mountains, large bodies of water, etc. When using full automation, pilots should monitor the aircraft to ensure the aircraft is turning at appropriate lead times and descending once established on-course, Pilots flying TSO-C129 navigation system equipped aircraft without full automation should use normal lead points to begin the turn. ), Similar to RNP AR approaches, RNP AR departure procedures have stringent equipage and pilot training standards and require special FAA authorization to fly. GBAS Landing System (GLS) procedures are also constructed using RNP APCH NavSpecs and provide precision approach capability. Usually, the first indication of flying into restricted visibility conditions is the gradual disappearance of lights on the ground If the lights begin to take on an appearance of being surrounded by a halo or glow, the pilot should use caution in attempting further flight in that same direction Fly CFI Sacramento. Information on available Canadian charts and publications may be obtained from designated FAA chart agents or by contacting the: Information on available Mexican charts and publications may be obtained by contacting: A free ICAO Publications and Audio-Visual Training Aids Catalogue is available from: The FAA publishes a list of charts and publications with the, Additional information regarding content on aeronautical charts can be found in the. LNAV/VNAV incorporates LNAV lateral with vertical path guidance for systems and operators capable of either barometric or SBAS vertical. Area Navigation (RNAV) - CFI Notebook Charted RNP values of 0.30 or below should contain two decimal places (for example, RNP 0.15, or 0.10, or 0.30) whereas the NavSpec title will only state "RNP 0.3", U.S. standard lateral accuracy values typically used for various routes and procedures supporting RNAV operations may be based on use of a specific navigational system or sensor such as GPS, or on multi-sensor RNAV systems having suitable performance, In the U.S., PBN requirements like Lateral Accuracy Values or NavSpecs applicable to a procedure will be depicted on affected charts and procedures. In such airspace, the RNAV 10 NavSpec will be applied, so any aircraft eligible for RNP 10 will be deemed eligible for RNAV 10 operations. Table of Contents Areas of Operation: Single-Engine Land I. Still looking for something? Transmission and utility lines often span approaches to runways, natural flyways, such as lakes, rivers, gorges, and canyons, and cross other landmarks pilots frequently follow, such as highway, railroad tracks, etc. Motivator: Cockpit management are the actions and procedures, starting with preflight, in which all necessary equipment, documents, checklists, and navigation charts appropriate for the flight are on board and easily accessible. There are examples of false "terrain-pull up" warnings during GPS anomalies, When flying IFR, pilots should have additional navigation equipment for their intended route to crosscheck their position. Copyright 2023 CFI Notebook, All rights reserved. Use of these reduced lateral accuracies will normally require use of the aircraft's autopilot and/or flight director. Introduction: Flight planning is the process in whatever a pilot readies for somebody upcoming flight . Fly CFI Sacramento Flight Planning | Flight Planning - lavisencouleur.com Additionally, some satellite communications avionics use GPS signals for operations in oceanic and remote airspaces. This means that your aircraft may be eligible for RNP 1 operations, but you may not fly an RF turn unless RF turns are also specifically listed as a feature of your avionics suite, RNP 2 will apply to both domestic and oceanic/remote operations with a lateral accuracy value of 2, RNP 4 will apply to oceanic and remote operations only with a lateral accuracy value of 4, RNP 4 eligibility will automatically confer RNP 10 eligibility, The RNP 10 NavSpec applies to certain oceanic and remote operations with a lateral accuracy of 10. Those subject areas are all listed below: Fundamentals of Instruction The Learning Process Human Behavior and Effective Communication The Teaching Process Teaching Methods Critique and Evaluation on a sectional chart, Next find the lines of longitude on a map, Grab your plotter and place the reference hole over the intersection of the line of longitude, Rotate the plotter so that it is parallel to the line you drew, Where the line of longitude intersects the compass rose on the plotter, determine your true course, If there is more than one number, chose the number most appropriate for your direction of flight, First, determine your wind correction angle, True Heading = True Course (-left/+right) WCA, Magnetic north is the direction along the earth's surface which points toward the magnetic north pole, Magnetic compasses point to this location and therefore it is magnetic headings that are flown, The magnetic north pole is a shifting point which is not coincident with the "top" of the earth as defined by latitude and longitude. If you do not close the flight plan 30 minutes after the proposed arrival time, SAR (search and rescue) procedures begin, Fill out airspeeds, runway lengths, and altitudes, After you've completed your flight log, consider the creation of an inflight guide to keep on your kneeboard during flight, This inflight guide is not intended to create an extra step in flight planning but instead to make your life easier when you're flying. | Privacy Policy | Terms of Service | Sitemap | Patreon | Contact, Advisory Circular (91-92) Pilot's Guide to a Preflight Briefing. CFI Lesson Plans are guides for use by flight instructors and applicants alike to achieve a desired certification or rating Pilot ratings are separated by the type of license, and the type of aircraft operation Certificates can be separated into: Private Pilot Recreational Pilot Sport Pilot Operations can be divided into either: Land Sea Charts come in a large variety which fall under the following categories: Public sales of charts and publications are available through a network of FAA approved providers, A listing of products, dates of latest editions and agents is available on the. A Remote Communications Outlet (RCO) associated with a NAVAID is designated by a thin-lined box with the controlling AFSS frequency above the box and the name under the box, Without an associated facility, the thin-lined RCO box contains the AFSS name and remote frequency, Automated Surface Observing Station (ASOS) and Automated Weather Observing Station (AWOS) are continuously transmitted over selected NAVAIDs and depicted in the NAVAID box, ASOS/AWOS are depicted by a white "A" in a solid black circle in the upper right or left corner. In the U.S., a specific procedure's Performance-Based Navigation (PBN) requirements will be prominently displayed in separate, standardized notes boxes. Of greater and growing concern is the intentional and unauthorized interference of GPS signals by persons using "jammers" or "spoofers" to disrupt air navigation by interfering with the reception of valid satellite signals, The U.S. government regularly conducts GPS tests, training activities, and exercises that interfere with GPS signals. Still looking for something? The two terms, often used interchangeably, in fact mean different things: Courses are the direction which the aircraft is actually traveling (impacted by winds), Headings are the directions which the aircraft faces (where it is pointed). PDF Erau Flight Plan - CFI Notebook: "Higher" Education For example, TSO-C129 systems change within 30 miles of destination and within 2 miles of FAF to support approach operations. Navigation and Flight Planning - CFI Notebook Other "advanced" options for use in the en route environment (such as fixed radius transitions and Time of Arrival Control) are optional in the U.S. In the U.S., these minimum functions include capability to calculate and perform RF turns, scalable RNP, and parallel offset flight path generation. Navigation Systems and Radar Services Lesson Plan - CFI Notebook Becomes difficult in low visibility or in areas that lack prominent features. (See 1-1-13). Pilots are required to use SBAS to fly to the LPV or LP minima. (See Paragraph 5-4-18, RNP AR Instrument Approach Procedures. Other methods providing an equivalent level of performance may also be acceptable, For procedures or routes requiring the use of GPS, if the navigation system does not automatically alert the flight crew of a loss of GPS, the operator must develop procedures to verify correct GPS operation, RNAV terminal procedures (DP and STAR) may be amended by ATC issuing radar vectors and/or clearances direct to a waypoint. It is this concept that requires each NavSpec eligibility to be listed separately in the avionics documents or AFM. Erau Flight Plan - CFI Notebook: "Higher" Education | Privacy Policy | Terms of Service | Sitemap | Patreon | Contact, https://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/avs/offices/afx/afs/afs400/afs410/media/AC90-100compliance.pdf, GNSS Intentional Administration Interference and Spoofing report, Federal Aviation Administration - Pilot/Controller Glossary, Aeronautical Information Manual (1-1-17) Global Positioning System, Aeronautical Information Manual (1-1-18) Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS), Aeronautical Information Manual (1-2-1) General, Aeronautical Information Manual (1-2-3) Use of Suitable Area Navigation (RNAV) Systems on Conventional Procedures and Routes, As air travel has evolved, methods of navigation have improved to give operators more flexibility, PBN exists under the umbrella of area navigation (RNAV) [, The term RNAV in this context, as in procedure titles, just means "area navigation," regardless of the equipment capability of the aircraft, Many operators have upgraded their systems to obtain the benefits of PBN.